Quiz #339 (2010-1-10) Answer

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Answer by Tony Leukering

All respondents got this week's quiz bird to the correct genus, though not all picked the right member of Aythya. However, I'll start by getting us to the correct genus.

Though some might start farther out, I will start with the assumption that the quiz bird is a duck. The bird's behavior -- in the midst of diving from the surface -- suggests that it's a diving duck, though all of the dabblers can dive, they just do not do so all that often. However, our bird's strong pattern of dark head and chest, gray back, gray sides, and white belly are just not matched by an ABA-area dabbling duck. Once among the diving ducks, that same pattern eliminates all ontenders other than the seven ABA members of Aythya, the so-called 'bay ducks.'

We can immediately eliminate the two black-backed species, Tufted and Ring-necked, and concentrate on the others. Head color would be a useful feature here, but the exposure of the picture might make that a bit tricky, so we'll continue from another body part. It doesn't particularly matter whether we start at the back or the sides, either way, we should be able to drive straight to the winning answer (also known as the correct ID). Male Canvasbacks have white backs and sides, not gray, and females don't have black chests, so that species can be ruled out.

The two scaup species are up next. Greater Scaup males in basic ("breeding") plumage always show strongly contrasting white sides with their gray backs (with the gray actually being alternating black and white bands). Lesser Scaup is certainly thought of as having dingier sides than does Greater Scaup, but they also never show such lack of back-sides contrast. As there is no apparent smudgy brown bits on the sides, we can be certain that the bird is not a molting immature male Lesser Scaup, which would have been our best hope for that species. Female scaup are never gray-backed nor gray-sided.

That leaves us with quite a difficult twosome, Redhead vs. Common Pochard, particularly with the front half of the head missing (the part holding all of the best separating characters). If it weren't for the fact that I took the picture (12 May 2006, Belmar Park, Lakewood, Jefferson Co., CO), and if I didn't provide another view of the same individual, below, I couldn't prove that the bird isn't a Common Pochard. I would bet that one or both of our regular European players could tell me, but I don't see anything definitive enough to be certain of the ID from this single picture. And, in fact, when I posted this photo, I was willing to count both species as correct answers. With the additional photo, our quiz bird is most assuredly a Redhead, with it's rounder head and mostly-gray bill with a thin, vague, and paler subterminal band and black tip (vs. the more Canvasback-like profile and more extensively black bill of Common Pochard). Now that we know our bird is a male Redhead, we can look back at the quiz picture and get a suggestion of red on the head, at least on my monitor.


With three quizzes to go in the quarterly competition, Aaron Brees and Al Guarente sit atop the leader board with perfect (10 for 10) scores. They have four others breathing down their necks.

Incorrect species provided as answers:
Canvasback - 3
Lesser Scaup - 5

Congratulations to the 18 of 26 getting the quiz correct:
William Velmala
Matt Bristol
Bryan Guarente
Aaron Brees
Kirk Huffstater
Kevin Kerr
Judi Owens
Claire Mix
Tyler Bell
Al Guarente
Joel Such
Andrew Dettling
Chris Warren
Peter Wilkinson
Thomas Hall
Joe Bens
Marcel Such
Chishun Kwong

Answer: Redhead

Quiz #338 (2010-1-09) Answer

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Answer by Tony Leukering

As most respondents noted, this week's quiz bird is a duck. Many also noted that as the bird is grazing on lawn, we might begin our search for an ID with just a trio of possibilities: the two ABA-area wigeon species and Mallard, as these are the inveterate grass-eaters among dabbling ducks. Note that I didn't even consider the diving ducks, as they don't graze grass on land (at least, not at all regularly) and they generally lack fringed body feathers as shown on our bird's rump.

At this point, I will borrow parts of Margie Joy's answer, but I will return to further discuss the points she raises and the ones she doesn't.

"This is a photo of the tail end of a duck that seems to be grazing on grass. This behavior, together with whitish belly and rust-colored sides, points me to wigeon. But there are two ABA-area wigeons to consider, American and Eurasian, and they are frustratingly similar.

"In my field guides, the most-often mentioned ways to distinguish the two species have to do with head/body coloring on adult males in basic ("breeding") plumage. No help there, as I cannot see this bird's head. It's not an adult male, as it doesn't show the black undertail coverts that mark such birds of both species. Underwing color/pattern is another commonly-shown identifying mark, but these don't show in the quiz photo, so no help there either.

"I was going to give this up as unidentifiable (by me, anyway) when I found an online article on The identification, molts, and aging of American and Eurasian Wigeons in female-type plumages, by Cox and Barry in Birding (March/April 2005). This article states: The pattern of the secondary upperwing coverts is the most reliable characteristic for both aging and identifying wigeons, and illustrates the point quite clearly. I had a hard time sorting out feather groups because of the foreshortened angle of the photo and the posture of the duck (as well as my own shaky knowledge of feather groups), but one thing seems pretty obvious -- the quiz bird shows very pale feathers above the dark secondaries. These feathers don't seem to form a single row of completely white feathers (adult female American Wigeon) but more a straight-edged patch of very pale gray feathers with white edges (first-cycle male American Wigeon). So, based on my interpretation of what I read in this article, my best guess is American Wigeon."

Thanks, Margie. Though a large majority of respondents got the quiz correct, I wonder what would have happened had I had an identical picture of a Eurasian Wigeon, as American is obviously the default wigeon in the ABA area.

Quite a few respondents noted consulting Cameron and Jessie's paper on wigeon in that 2005 issue of Birding and all those that did noted the paper's discussion about the greater coverts. I find it interesting that only one picked up on the single mark that I was highlighting with this quiz photo, though it wasn't used to identify the bird to species. First, of all respondents that noted Cox and Barry's comments about the usefulness of the greater coverts in ageing and sexing wigeon, they were, to a person, confused by the quiz bird. All of them got it right, but, again, I wonder what would have happened if I had presented a Eurasian Wigeon.

The point that I wished to make about wigeon ID in this week's quiz is illustrated with an arrow in the picture below: the innermost secondary (the one immediately distal to the three tertials).



As many of us know, American Wigeons have white axillars, while Eurasians have gray ones and this feature can assist us in identifying flying wigeon seen from below. When dealing with the innermost secondary, we need to remember that the color difference of the axillars is reversed for this feather: white (or pale gray) in Eurasian, (darker) gray in American. The feather can be tricky to use unless one can accurately assess any lighting impacts, but given our straight-on view and with direct comparison to the very real whiteness of the tips of the greater coverts, we can be sure that our bird's innermost secondary is certainly not white and not even pale gray. Thus, our bird is an American Wigeon. Oh, it certainly might be a hybrid, but the combination of innermost secondary color and greater coverts color/pattern seems to suggest that our bird is a "good" American Wigeon. Finally, the picture was taken in February on the same date -- 6th -- and in the same place -- Seattle, King Co., WA -- as I photographed the hybrid gull presented in #335! In February, we can be certain that the bird is not a male, as any male wigeon in the ABA area in February ought to look like one -- like the bird pictured below photographed just minutes before I photographed the quiz bird. In this picture, we can see that the innermost secondary is useful in the ID of flying birds, too.



Incorrect species provided as answers:
Mallard - 1
American Robin - 1
Eurasian Wigeon - 1

Congratulations to the 21 of 24 getting the quiz correct:
William Velmala
Robert McNab
Thomas Hall
Kevin Kerr
Tom Wilberding
Chuck Carlson
George Cresswell
Margie Joy
Su Snyder
Tyler Bell
Al Guarente
Aaron Brees
Kirk Huffstater
Peter Wilkinson
Chris Warren
Joe Bens
Joel Such
Marcel Such
Bryan Guarente
Chishun Kwong
Judi Owens

Answer: American Wigeon